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so the moon now is a new place it's a

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new place because of an armada of robots

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that have gone to the moon um in the

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basically the last five years it started

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with the japanese a brilliant mission

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known as kaguya also called cellini

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selene has been at the moon it ended its

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mission last summer but it produced

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beautiful

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hdtv quality fly around so places on the

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moon these are some of the biggest

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mountains on the moon these are four

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kilometer high central peaks of the

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crater tycho the crater tycho we think

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was formed about 95 million years ago

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when dinosaurs roamed the earth so this

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is a real mountaineering peak john

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grunsfeld the astronaut of service to

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humble he'd like to go climb the mount

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tycho or whatever we call it but this

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data was collected by the japanese

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mission that started ushering ourselves

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back to the moon so why why go back to

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the moon everything on the moon happened

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a long time ago the reason is the moon

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is a history book

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on earth we're we're seeing what

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happened in the last since the dinosaurs

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since we've owned roamed the planet but

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on the moon we're interested in other

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things for example before the mission

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known as lro that nasa goddard launched

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this was the best topography of the moon

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if you wanted to land there your

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accuracy of that landing site was good

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to a thousand feet so imagine coming in

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to land in washington saying we hope the

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airfield's within a thousand feet

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wouldn't be the safest landing now we

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have new maps that not only look better

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from an instrument built here at nasa

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goddard on the lunar reconnaissance

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orbiter but the quality vertically is

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good to about a foot

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so we can now plan landings more safely

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we can go to the interesting places and

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land so one of the things we're doing

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now with nasa's return to the moon with

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robots is mapping the planet at the

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scale that you guys can choose to use if

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you want to go back to that planet we

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didn't do that with apollo we went with

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elegant engineering and brute force to

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the safest places we can get to

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turns out the moon's also interesting

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for another reason probably something

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you've seen on jeopardy there are places

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on the moon

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you see their names floating around here

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that um actually are permanently

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shadowed from sunlight

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that means they are the darkest coldest

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places

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the inside some of these craters at the

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south pole named for famous explorers

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that we ever ever understood in fact

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inside those shadowed areas it's colder

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than the planet pluto or i should say

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the dwarf object formerly known as a

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planet pluto

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so here's the moon inside those cold

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places you could actually entrap frozen

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stuff like

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water hence ice and the ices that are

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trapped could record a couple of billion

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years of the collisions of the moon with

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comets now do we care about comets yes

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because some colleagues scientists

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believe that comets help seed our oceans

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with some of the chemical building

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blocks that led to life

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so here's the

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the telescopic view of the moon we now

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see the moon in 3d

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at the scale where you could drive a car

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across it and plant landing strips we've

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gone from the era of looking at the moon

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through telescopes to being there in

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person our lunar reconnaissance orbiter

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is there now about 45 kilometers above

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the surface

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mapping the moon at scales where there's

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that crater tycho where you could plant

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a landing site on the peak of a mountain

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if you wanted to go there um one of the

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revolutions about the moon we learned

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from the apollo missions that we can now

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show you in depth from these new maps is

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the fact that it has all these these

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craters these circular depressions is

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actually important now why should you

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care about craters

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i happen to study them i'm sorry it's a

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boring thing but you know my wife says

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someone has to do it so i'm doing it

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this here is the topographic expression

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of uh

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a one

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trillion megaton explosion that shocked

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the moon four and four point two billion

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years ago that formed what's called the

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south pole lake in basin the impact

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collision air was so intense it probably

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excavated the lunar mantle

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through the crust brought up stuff that

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we would never get to

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we want to sample this basement we

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didn't even know it existed until these

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measurements we see these big cosmic

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collision scars on mars on the moon

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we're looking from venus haven't found

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them

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and they're actually great windows into

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the history of planets so now we see

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them we know where they are we can

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figure out how to sample them so all the

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data you see here was collected in the

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last year the lunar reconnaissance

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orbiter has collected data

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for the last year on the order of 78

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terabytes of data that's more data for

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any object in the history of solar

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system exploration in one mission in one

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year it does pay to have your own ground

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receiving station if you moderate to

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know that so one of the things we're

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really interested in is if you were to

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go back to the moon with people where

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would you go this is what the sun would

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do in the sky rotating around one of the

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sites right here on the rim of the

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shackleton crater where some engineers

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think we could set up

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stations for people to live

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and have sunlight basically all but 60

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hours every year and this shows the

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shadowed areas which have not seen

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sunlight in 2 billion years so we look

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at these places and wonder

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now the other thing we've done which is

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kind of history in the making is we've

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actually taken photographs of the places

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where we've been on the moon and these

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photographs are basically about three

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foot resolution you can see the blast

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spot these are where they actually

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walked on the moon you can see the

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trails

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now remember this all happened in 1969

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so in the 41 years since all this

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happened

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nothing's changed

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this is a planet where things work

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slowly you can see the stations the all

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the features there's the weird crater

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this is the traverse they made on apollo

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14 the longest walk made by people the

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apollo seismic network um here's another

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one from apollo 15 all the drive paths

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you see the two wheels

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we can now see what we've done to other

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planets i mean this is something you'd

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expect in the smithsonian we haven't

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brought back these pieces here's the

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challenger descent stage that's what

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brought us to the moon and then blasted

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us off there's our flag a little shadow

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um so now we look we found the

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collisions of the first russian probes

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on the moon um we could if you were

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there we could probably see you waving

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but we're not there so couldn't do that

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we've of course counted a lot of rocks i

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won't bore you with those and move on

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but i just want to point out that we've

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done a lot at timon and it's kind of a

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cool place um one of the other things

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we've observed on the moon and i'll

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quickly cut to this

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as we go

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is in fact there are places on the moon

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that are so cold they're off the charts

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some of these shadowed areas are 25

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degrees kelvin

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that's cold folks colder than liquid

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nitrogen

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we didn't know that we've measured again

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the topography

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and just a little summary of what we've

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already done with this mission known as

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lro starting in september the lunar

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reconnaissance orbiter built right here

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some of you may be working on it this

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summer will transition into a science

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mode now this is a view of the place

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right in that shadow where the l cross

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collision occurred last october 9th

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we smashed a leftover piece of a rocket

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and watched what happened when we

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collided with the moon and guess what

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it kicked up

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kind of stuff that can be vaporized like

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we think water hydrogen and even mercury

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the kind of mercury in your thermometer

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so these are views of the moon as if you

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were flying in a helicopter across the

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surface at about in this case about 50

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000 feet

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pretty cool this is the l cross

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experiment it was co-launched with lro

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it took its time getting around to the

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moon this is the flight dynamics that is

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something that's pretty amazing that we

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can do um we threaded the needle of the

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of the rings of saturn we went to the

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moon um with it and uh in fact you can

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see what we did to get there so there's

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lro went straight this thing looped

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around for a while actually for almost a

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year and then collided with the mode and

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the experiment was incredibly successful

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research papers are coming out um in

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science magazine in the next month so

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we're very excited about that but l

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cross was an example of women and men

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using ingenuity they had something we

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used lro to target where to go

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um which we did and then we collided the

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spent upper rocket stage with a small

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shepherding satellite with the moon

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making a crater exposing dirt

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vaporizing we think ice and measuring

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its signature

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so you might say well were we allowed to

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do that

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we were as a planet that we do not think

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is a life-bearing planet this kind of

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experiment is allowed this kind of

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experiment would not be allowed on the

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planet mars because we think mars may or

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may well possibly had life so anyway the

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moon has come alive as a new world we

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have another couple of years of mapping

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with the lunar reconnaissance orbiter we

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hope to send landers to the moan this

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just shows an animation of what happened

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last october um and in fact we actually

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impacted the place in shadow produced a

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plume that was received and measured by

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lro on orbit with its fire ultraviolet

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spectrometer so pretty cool stuff

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mission was a total success and i'm

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really proud of the team that did that

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um you can just see that again now

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another thing we've done in our

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exploration of the solar system is

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visited near earth objects and in 1999

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through 2001 a little tiny satellite

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about as big as this

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called near shoemaker visited one of the

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biggest uh near-earth asteroids known as

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eros it mapped the surface of this

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rubble pile of

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silica based rock and then it docked

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with the surface

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and one of the dreams we have for people

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going into space is instead of leaping

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straight to mars

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actually going to visit near-earth

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objects first why because they actually

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collide with earth and are relevant to

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the history of life

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two there are hundreds of thousands of

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them of which 90 are uncatalogued

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they're everywhere there will be a close

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encounter with one in the year 2036.

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it'll come within the orbit of the

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earth's moon to earth

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called apophis so we care one of the

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theories now uh one of the

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studies that we're doing in the agency

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is what would it take to send you all to

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a near-earth object where the

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surface uh gravitational acceleration is

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such that if you took a step you'd

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escape

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be a great weight loss clinic you know

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you go from weighing 100 pounds or 150

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pounds and you weigh 5 ounces on one of